Courts recognize several paths to valid service. Availability depends on document type, forum, and the recipient’s conduct.

Personal service is the gold standard. The server hands the papers directly to the named person. Refusal to take the papers does not defeat service if they are left in the person’s presence. No signature is required. Initial pleadings in many courts must be personally served.

Substituted service follows reasonable but unsuccessful personal attempts. Many courts expect multiple attempts at different days and times. Papers are left with a responsible adult at the residence or workplace. The server identifies the individual who received the documents, explains their nature, and records details for the proof. A declaration of due diligence is often filed to support the change in method.

Service by certified mail is permitted in specific case types or by rule. Certified or priority mail with tracking is addressed to the residence or business. Some courts require a signature by the named party; others accept an adult signature at the address. Service typically completes on signature or after a defined mailing interval. Retain the signed card or electronic confirmation and attach it to the proof.

Service by publication is a last resort that requires a court order after diligent efforts have failed. The moving party documents searches, letters, workplace inquiries, and outreach to known associates. Publication runs in an approved newspaper for the period set by rule, and proof of publication is filed.

Acceptance of service occurs when the recipient agrees to receive the papers and signs an acknowledgment. This does not concede the merits. It confirms receipt and starts the response clock. Courts often prescribe a specific form for this purpose.

Alternative service by court order is available when traditional methods are impractical or futile. Courts may authorize service by email, social media, text, or delivery to a building manager if the movant shows diligent prior efforts and explains why the proposed method is reasonably calculated to provide notice.